Fraunhofer_IWES

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Wind energy and hydrogen Applied research for a sustainable future

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Fraunhofer IWES: applied research Sub-surface investigation ................................................................................................................................ 16 Electrical components and system validation ............................................................................................ 20 Electrolyzer validation and qualification .................................................................................................... 24 Overall system measurement and simulations .......................................................................................... 28 Testing and system validation of large mechanical components .......................................................... 32 Rotor blades ........................................................................................................................................................ 38 Wind measurement and modeling ................................................................................................................ 42 Reliability, monitoring, and yield analysis ................................................................................................... 46

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The management team (from left to right): Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jan Wenske, Deputy Director and Chief Technology Officer, Jenny Kuball, Chief Financial Officer, Dr. Bernhard Lange, Deputy Director and Chief Technology Officer, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Reuter, Director and Christian Broer, Chief Operating Officer Dear readers, Optimal utilization of the wind is a forward-looking but also complex task. At Fraunhofer IWES, experts from a wide range of disciplines are putting their extensive knowledge to use to improve both performance and cost-efficiency. Our key areas of expertise of Offshore, Hydrogen, Test Infrastructure, and Digitalization open up opportunities for customers to work together to answer specific questions. For us, the specific interests of our customers are the measure of all things: pushing boundaries and making it technically possible for them to move forward. Our unique testing infrastructure and measurement tech- nology have been adapted to the rapid growth in the wind energy industry and expanded to include digital testing methods. New measurement methods support the rapid development of offshore wind energy utilization. As a result, we are now ready to develop unconventional solutions and take the next steps together with you. From the analysis of wind conditions to grid feed-in and hydrogen production, you benefit from our globally unique testing infrastructure 10 and many years of experience to guarantee a resilient and sustainable energy supply. We are by your side as you explore the possibilities for the future and break new ground. Applied research is an important driver and can identify and overcome systemic challenges. Together with you, we want to work on the vision of a sustainable energy supply for an environment worth living in. An innovative European wind and hydrogen industry is what drives us. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Reuter Director

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Short portrait The Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy Systems IWES conducts application-oriented research for a sustainable future. Wind energy is the backbone of our energy supply – as renewable electricity or in the form of hydrogen – and is based on highly developed plant technology, which is also the result of a large number of innovative research projects at Fraunhofer IWES – from the planning process, development, construction and operation, to the monitoring of the plants, repair processes, service life, and the dismantling and recycling of all components. The main topics of the Fraunhofer IWES are offshore, hydrogen, test infrastructure, and digitalization. The research work in future-oriented key technologies plays a central role in the innovation process and strengthens the business location for the benefit of our society by transferring the research results to industry. The Fraunhofer IWES has built up an innovative test infrastructure for testing and validating wind turbines and electrolyzers. It supports industry in developing new products and systems and continuously optimizes the validation methodology. More than 400 employees in science and administration at nine locations are developing innovative methods to accelerate the expansion of wind energy and hydrogen economy, minimize risks, and increase cost efficiency. MORE INFO worth KNOWING Bremerhaven Leer Oldenburg Bochum Hamburg Bremen Hannover Leuna Görlitz 11

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Test infrastructure 2009 to 2026 Assessment of Soil Conditions Bremen 1st Lidar Measuring Buoy Bremerhaven Test Center Support Structures Hannover DyNaLab Bremerhaven BladeMaker Bremerhaven 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 70m Rotor Blade Hall 90m Rotor Blade Hall Bremerhaven Engineering Building Application Center for Field Measurements Bremerhaven MEASUREable

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Large Bearing Laboratory Hamburg HiL-GridCoP Bremerhaven Hydrogen Lab Leuna Hydrogen Lab Bremerhaven Mobile Grid Bremerhaven Wind Farm RADAR Bremerhaven ENGEL Bremerhaven 2019 2020 2021 2023 2024 2025 2026 Application Center for Integration of Local Energy Systems Hamburg 115m+ Rotor Blade Test Rig Bremerhaven PQ4Wind Bremerhaven Research Platform for medium-sized Wind Turbines Bremerhaven With our expertise in wind farm development, site investi- gation, wind measurement and the production and use of green hydrogen, we are making an important contribution to a sustainable energy supply. Since Fraunhofer IWES was founded in 2009, our testing infrastructure has grown steadily. Large-scale tests can be used to validate models of new rotor blades, nacelles, support structures and bearings as well as for electrical grid integration. With the construction and operation of hydrogen labs, a digitally networked infrastructure with test and qualification capacities for the necessary electrolysis and fuel cell systems required for the energy transition is being created. They are used to test the efficiency and reliability of the operation of electrolyzers in combination with renewable energies.

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Fraunhofer IWES focus topics Promising potential for optimization The greatest potential for further improvements in the field of technological efficiency and reliable energy supply in the medium and long term lies in the more consistent utilization of wind energy. Policymakers have set the course here – not least through research funds, which are as necessary as they are well invested. In the future, the focus will particularly be on the expansion of offshore wind turbines and the increasing utilization of green hydrogen. Fraunhofer IWES is well equipped for the future. With a goal- oriented overall strategy, we are facing the challenges of dynamic policies and focusing on additional specialist personnel, New Work concepts, and cross- site cooperation among other things. Focus topic Offshore Greater success with sound site investigations Designing and constructing offshore wind farms demands comprehensive knowledge of the environmental conditions at the selected location. This is the only way for the project to be a financial success. Fraunhofer IWES carries out wind measuring and modeling campaigns as well as the investigation of geological sub-surface characteristics and seismic surveys of the subsoil for offshore wind farms. Innovative technologies tried and tested in feasibility studies, data analyses, and actual offshore deployments are employed for sound site investigations. Offshore wind farm development with innovative measurement methods Fraunhofer IWES has extensive experience in the development of offshore wind farms, from modeling wind conditions and wind measurements to sub-surface investigation and geological ground models. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models are employed to simulate the offshore wind conditions according to relevant atmospheric characteristics. The effects of existing wind farms are also included. Floating lidar systems are employed for the offshore wind measuring campaigns. They meet the highest interna- tional standards and also offer innovative services for wind farm development. For sub-surface investigation, Fraunhofer IWES has developed 2D and 3D geological investigation technologies with ultra- high-resolution multichannel seismics and brought them to market maturity. All wind farm areas in Germany that were centrally pre-investigated were measured by Fraunhofer IWES using this method. A further special field of application is boulder detection performed with the aid of of patented refraction seismic methods. With Fraunhofer IWES: cost-efficient planning and development Effective project and risk management forms the basis for the successful and cost-efficient planning, construction and operation of offshore wind farms. During the planning and implementation phase, Fraunhofer IWES offers project planning and weather risk analyses in order to identify and assess potential risks at an early stage. In addition, Fraunhofer IWES supports partners in the development of new technologies to effectively exploit the potential of direct offshore generation of green hydrogen and other Power-to-X products.

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Focus topic Test Infrastructure Fraunhofer IWES’ trademark Large-scale test rigs for realistic and accelerated life testing of wind turbines are Fraunhofer IWES’ trademark. Alongside test rigs for rotor blades, blade segments, blade bearings, nacelles, the grid integration of electrical systems, and support structures, testing facilities for electrolyzer systems and components also form part of our portfolio. Continuous investment in new test rigs Large composite components and mechanical components are being considered as well as complex environmental influences, more reliable grid integration, power electronics in the megawatt range, and the electrical system properties. Different operating scenarios, damage mechanisms, and adapted protection concepts are being investigated and models validated through comparison with experimental tests. Fraunhofer IWES is not only continuously investing in new test rigs for increasing component sizes, but also offers segment tests, scaled tests and virtualized tests. Cost reduction through earliest possible validation The growth in size and the further expansion of wind turbines mean that the demands on technical reliability are continuing in general. Accelerated introduction on the market, the use of one platform for multiple turbine models, the professionalization of wind farm operators, and higher costs in the event of offshore turbine failures all speak in favor of comprehensive validation prior to initiating operation. Added to this comes the increasing complexity from the coupling with systems in the hydrogen value chain. Modular testing and the precise characterization of multi- domain properties as well as experimental validation – across sectors – are possible thanks to the many years of expertise and the unique equipment at Fraunhofer IWES. Our experts are already using all the technological possibilities of advancing digitalization to support this. In addition to the classic 1:1 tests of subsystems and components, scaled 1:X tests are realized. We are also working on new hybrid test methods with measurements and model validations only in the partial load range, which are then used for experimentally verified extrapolation over the entire operating range.

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Focus topic Hydrogen Achieving climate goals with reliable operation The production of green hydrogen for the decarbonization and defossilization of industrial processes will make a decisive contribution to the achievement of the climate goals. In addition, intelligent integration can make a valuable contribution to energy storage and power grid stabilization. The reliable operation of electrolyzers and systems all along the H2 value chain is key to minimizing the risks of upscaling hydrogen production. The upcoming ramp-up and the associated increase in demand for electrolysis capacity pose challenges not only for manufacturers but also for future operators. Production processes, measurement and monitoring procedures, and integration concepts cannot simply be scaled up from manufacturing to industrial dimensions. Three hydrogen labs with different focuses Embedding hydrogen in the energy system and in industrial processes poses challenges in terms of deployment behavior and operating models. This is why Fraunhofer IWES operates three hydrogen labs for the testing and validation of hydrogen-relevant components along the value chain: from production via electrolysis to storage and use in PtX processes or fuel cells. In doing so, Fraunhofer IWES is helping the industry to establish a sustainable hydrogen economy. The hydrogen labs have different focuses: At the Hydrogen Lab Leuna, the integration in a chemical hub allows testing of the defossilization of processes in the chemical industry under practical conditions. The coupling of hydrogen production and wind energy generation as well as the grid compatibility of electrolyzers is being investigated in Bremerhaven. This makes it possible to ensure the security of supply even with a high proportion of renewable energies in the grid. In addition, water supply also plays a role. The Hydrogen Lab Görlitz focuses on decarbonizing the manufacturing industry. Here, prototypes for each phase of the Power-to-H2-to-Power value chain can be tested. The collaboration with Fraunhofer IWU provides valuable insights into the corresponding production processes. Testing offers of different scales and loads The offer ranges from stack testing in the 45 kW range up to multi-megawatt testing capacity for operation under real conditions. Dynamic loads are simulated, as are environmental conditions and mechanical loads. Digital simulations accompany the process, describe procedures, and serve to optimize techno-economic key figures. Analyses are carried out across the board in order to develop methods and test procedures for electrolyzer materials and components and to apply them on a laboratory scale. Real-time monitoring of H2 and O2 purity, quality and safety control, trace analysis, and parallel process simulation for evaluating and optimizing parameters are also part of the portfolio. Fraunhofer IWES can draw on many years of expertise in standardization issues in the wind industry. The partnerships with and expertise of pioneering institutions and companies enable Fraunhofer IWES to develop standardized test procedures for hydrogen technologies. +

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Focus topic Digitalization Solutions for all research areas Digitalization is a dynamic and clearly noticeable process in industry – including the wind energy and hydrogen sectors. Through its complex research topics, Fraunhofer IWES offers digital solutions in all areas. In addition to standards such as data monitoring, topics such as big data and the digital twin have also found their way into research. They are being utilized and further developed in a wide range of different scientific fields. Virtual test rigs for non-physical testing methods Virtual test rigs are a major focus at Fraunhofer IWES among other things. The physical test rigs are used to develop numerical models and validate them fully with experimental tests. This enables the development of new test methods which are not physical. At the Dynamic Nacelle Testing Laboratory (DyNaLab), for example, it is possible to describe a mechanical test. The parallel developed virtual nacelle test rig represents a nacelle, the surrounding test infrastructure, and the auxiliary systems. The virtual nacelle test rig can also map the effects of electrical tests on the mechanical structure. Digital solutions for planning and operating wind farms With the IWES Digital Hub, we bundle our digital expertise on a central platform as digital services. The hub facilitates access to selected software tools that are developed, validated, and tested at Fraunhofer IWES, and thus making the planning, design, and operation of wind farms more efficient. Optimization scenarios with open source software from Fraunhofer IWES In addition to a range of software used in-house, Fraunhofer IWES also makes open source fluid dynamics software available to external users. FOXES, a modular wind farm simulation and wake modeling toolbox, and iwopy, a framework for coupling different optimization modules, together form the basis for calculating different optimization scenarios of wind energy utilization. Use cases range from wind farm optimization (e.g., layout optimization or wake steering) to post-construction analyses, studies, comparisons, and wake model validations. Further open source releases are also planned for the future. DISCOvery

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high PERFORMANCE

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Fraunhofer IWES: applied research Fraunhofer IWES operates test rigs for rotor blades, bearings, support structures, nacelles and material test laboratories, to experimentally analyze new designs and compare them with computer models. In addition, the scientists also carry out measurements on turbines in operation and record wind, waves, flows, current yields and the resulting loads using innovative methods. The institute supports the necessary market ramp-up of hydrogen technologies and has testing and qualification capacities for the necessary electrolysis and fuel cell systems. Fraunhofer IWES is shaping the future through technological progress and stands for sustainable development for the benefit of society.

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DEPTH in Sub-surface investigation Efficient sub-surface investigation for offshore wind farm projects Fraunhofer IWES is the world’s leading institute in the development and performance of ultrahigh-resolution seismic surveys for wind farm projects as well as data processing and interpretation up to the creation of ground models. The planning and installation of foundations for offshore wind turbines account for a significant proportion of the total costs of wind farms. A detailed understanding of the offshore sub-surface is the basis for the choice of foundation type, design, and installation planning of the foundations. The optimal mapping of the geological structures in the top 100 to 200 m below the sea floor using geophysical technologies is the first priority. Geotechnical sampling of the strata is then employed to create an integrated ground model by linking seismic and geotechnical data. The identification and reduction of the installation risks, for example due to boulders in glacial deposits, is also crucial for the installation. 20

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Our services: Offshore 2D/3D seismic sub-surface surveys Offshore seismic surveys for the detection of boulders in the sub-surface Creation of integrated ground models on the basis of geophysical and geotechnical data Processing and evaluation of multichannel seismic data sets Comprehensive support and advice on issues regarding sub-surface investigation

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Optimized ground models reduce the risks in offshore wind turbine installation. Multichannel seismic surveys as the basis for sub-surface investigation The creation of a ground model begins with the detailed mapping of the sub-surface by means of geophysical technologies. The basis for this is a first-rate surveying campaign employing multichannel seismic methods. Fraunhofer IWES has its own specialized surveying system for ultrahigh-resolution (UHR) seismic data acquisition, which comprises adapted and modular seismic streamer systems, high-frequency seismic signal sources (sparkers), and high-precision positioning solutions. Seismic technology and measuring techniques are being continuously optimized at Fraunhofer IWES. We process data using algorithms specially developed by us for UHR seismics. Increasing computing capacities permit improved data processing routines and higher mapping quality. One of our focuses is on high-resolution seismic data sets from shallow sea areas: high-precision reconstruction of the acquisition geometry, compensation for wave motion, optimized signal characteristics, and suppression of multiple reflections. The result is an initial sub-surface model of the wind farm areas. The practical suitability of our system has been proven in many commercial surveys of wind farm areas; in particular, all wind farm areas in Germany that have been centrally surveyed by the BSH have been measured by Fraunhofer IWES using this method. 22

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Visualizing sub-surface complexity with data and models Local geotechnical in situ data are integrated into this initial sub-surface model to produce a geological ground model. Profiled seismic data are then combined with geotechnical data, e.g., cone penetration testing (CPT), for lateral mapping of the geological structures. The result is a clear representation of the sub-surface conditions as well as a detailed characterization of the ground properties. These models are key planning principles for the develop- ment of offshore wind farms. Local geotechnical parameters can be modeled comprehensively in an integrated ground model. In contrast, methods of inversion allow the derivation of geotechnical parameters directly from the geophysical data sets. Synthetic CPT profiles are generated for the planning and technical design application. Geotechnical lab results can also be integrated into this model via so-called site-specific correlation functions. In this way, it is then possible to generate further design-relevant geotechnical parameters. This provides the offshore wind industry with reliable geotechnical ground properties for the technical design of the wind turbine foundations. The creation of synthetic CPT profiles to support the repositioning of wind turbine sites has been commercially performed and accepted by the certification body. MORE INFO Boulder detection: minimization of installation risks in the sub-surface Geological risks to the installation of foundations come in many forms. Among other things, large boulders from glacial deposits are a significant obstacle to installation. Fraunhofer IWES developed a patented system based on diffraction seismics for the reliable mapping of such boulders in the sub-surface. The innovative surveying system utilizes multichannel seismic methods to detect objects via the mapping of diffraction energy. The identified and localized objects are integrated into a local ground model and documented for risk mapping in the close range of planned turbine locations and cable corridors (approx. 100 m) via micrositing. Fraunhofer IWES has successfully performed this kind of survey in commercial projects in the Baltic Sea. The boulders in the sea floor are mapped in accordance with the respective project requirements. The novel data acquisition system developed by Fraunhofer IWES and the University of Bremen is specifically for the purpose of diffraction imaging and the localization of point diffractors (e.g. boulders) within marine sediments. 23

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highly DRIVEN Electrical components and system validation: ensuring grid compatibility with IWES research Continuously growing offshore wind turbines are pushing existing test facilities for testing their grid properties to their limits. Fraunhofer IWES has therefore developed a mobile grid emulator with an installed converter capacity of 80 MVA to determine electrical properties in the multi-megawatt range. In addition, Fraunhofer IWES cooperates closely with the IALB of the University of Bremen, which operates the HiPE-LAB. This unique facility is used for multimodal testing of converters of up to 10 MVA under superimposed climatic and electrical loads to demonstrate or optimize the necessary technical reliability.

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Mobile test facility for grid compliance tests

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System technology Determination of electrical properties in the multi-megawatt range MORE INFO Fraunhofer IWES offers grid compatibility testing for the certification of the electrical properties of new wind turbines e.g., Fault-Ride-Through (FRT) and their components. It does so employing a one-of-a-kind virtual grid and low and medium voltage grid emulators in the power range between up to 44 MVA. The use of a virtual grid enables the simulation of all typical grid faults. This approach also makes it possible to conduct static tests, for example to record the active and reactive power output under different grid conditions and to emulate transient grid events. 2015 saw the opening of Germany’s biggest large-scale test rig for complete wind turbine nacelles, including testing capabilities for generators. The Dynamic Nacelle Testing Laboratory (DyNaLab) offers a realistic test environment for nacelles. The HiL-GridCoP test rig, opened in 2021, allows generator-converter tests in the multi-megawatt range performed as meaningful, certifiable laboratory tests as well as grid integration tests. One-off test services for prototype validation, here specifically for onshore wind turbines, are offered with a drive power of 10 MW. In addition, Fraunhofer IWES also has the capacity to analyze the electrical properties of frequency converters. The so-called PQ4Wind test rig is employed to measure the high-frequency power quality. As offshore wind turbines continue to grow in size, the current facilities for testing grid characteristics are being pushed to their limits. For this reason, Fraunhofer IWES has developed a mobile grid emulator with an installed converter capacity of 80 MVA. With its help, the electrical properties of wind turbines and their ability to support the power grid in the event of faults can be tested in the field (e.g., at prototype installation locations). In 2026, Fraunhofer IWES set up a one-of-a-kind test facility for the grid integration of future offshore wind turbines with a capacity of up to 30 MW. The HiL-GridCoP test rig is designed to test minimal systems of wind turbines, reducing costs and improving time-to-market for wind turbine manufacturers. Our services: Measurement of the electrical properties of wind turbines onshore and offshore, as well as batteries, CHP units and electrolyzers Highly dynamic qualification of converters (or their control) Measurement of the electrical properties of prototypes in the field using a mobile grid emulator

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A better understanding of the causes of failure is essential to develop effective protective measures and thus improve the economic efficiency of system operation. Our services: Derivation of test procedures from comprehensive field measurements Identification of relevant test cycles and parameters Analysis of field data from converters of more than 10,000 wind turbines and many climates Independent assessment and laboratory analysis Technical reliability Application-specific reliability testing of power-electronic systems Power converters should be designed to withstand their typical operating conditions. In the field, however, they are exposed to a wide variety of influences which can induce early failure. In wind energy, for instance, the failure rate of power converters is as high as 0.5 damage-related failures per wind turbine and year. As humidity has been found to be a major driver of failures, we set up a laboratory to validate clients’ products from power modules to entire converter systems under the most realistic, site-specific conditions possible. Fraunhofer IWES cooperates closely with the laboratory operator, the IALB at the University of Bremen, to run the HiPE-LAB – a unique facility for testing converters up to 10 MVA under a superposition of application-specific climatic and electrical loads. MORE INFO 27

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FORWARD looking Electrolyzer validation and qualification: thinking wind and hydrogen together Fraunhofer IWES operates the technology-independent hydrogen labs that serve as test platforms for the qualification and optimization of electrolyzers, ranging from the cell level to industrial stacks and full system integration. In addition to electrolyzers, hydrogen-consuming units and parts of the peripheral infrastructure are also tested here. Among other things, the long-term stability of materials and components in the dynamic operation of electrolyzers coupled with wind turbines is being tested. Furthermore, the world’s leading facility for grid integration tests is available at the Dynamic Nacelle Testing Laboratory (DyNaLab). As future electrolyzers will be connected to the power grid as large consumers, their grid-supporting properties are very important, which is why their determination and optimization is a focus of research and development. We provide the manufacturers with support in the further development of their products accordingly. There is also a test platform for coupled PtX processes available, allowing mapping of the entire value chain from renewable, load-flexible energy production to hydrogen production right up to material utilization as well as corresponding testing and researching on an industrial level.

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Upscaling in new performance classes – safe and sound! The market ramp-up of green hydrogen requires reliable, safe, and cost-optimized systems and components along the entire value creation chain for widespread use in industry and business. In addition to operational safety, costs play a central role here. The development of high- performance, cost-effective, and reliable components and the establishment of series production for electrolyzers and fuel cells generate savings potential. Practice-oriented testing and modeling based on it significantly reduces the risk associated with the upscaling of electrolyzers to new performance classes and areas of application, which are essential for offshore applications among other things. Fraunhofer IWES boasts core competences in the field of electrochemical analysis and tests cells and stacks at microscopic level. Stack tests and system tests up to industrial scale can be performed in the hydrogen labs, making it possible to transfer knowledge acquired on a microscopic scale to large-scale systems. In the opposite direction, the feedback of effects observed in the whole system to the microscopic level, is also conceivable. This interplay of system and individual component tests allows holistic optimization. Mapping of the entire value chain Fraunhofer IWES considers the entire hydrogen value crea- tion chain from production through to usage. The compe- tencies and infrastructures of related institutes are called in for specific issues. Our customers include both globally operating groups and small and medium-sized enterprises in the region. Furthermore, model processes of sector coupling can also be demonstrated and tested. This is particularly important in the case of fluctuating energy supply from renewable sources in order to ensure security of supply and to enable the storage of power surpluses. Operating strategies for stand-alone solutions will be developed across systems and optimized under techno-economic aspects. The Hydrogen Lab Leuna offers the capacity for testing of industrial-scale electro- lyzers of any type – PEM, AEL, AEM, or SOEC – in 24/7 continuous operation. 30

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At the Hydrogen Lab Bremerhaven, the focus is on the interaction of wind turbines with electrolytic hydrogen production. MORE INFO Core competence: grid integration tests A stable grid is a fundamental requirement for security of supply. The grids are not always designed for highly decentralized feed-in points with grid-side inverter connection and fluctuating energy supply. When there is an oversupply of renewable energies in the grid at present, wind turbines are often switched off so as not to overload the grid – or the electricity is sold abroadat very favorable prices. One option is to utilize this “surplus electricity” to produce hydrogen, which serves as a chemical energy store. With increasing grid-connected electrolyzer capacity, these “consumers” will be also relevant from the perspective of grid stability. On the one hand, electrolyzers will have to comply with certain rules set by grid operators due to their dynamic operation, just as wind turbines have to do. On the other hand, the ability to provide grid system services potentially represents a very valuable contribution to system stability. Performing grid integration tests in the hydrogen labs will help to validate these system properties prior to large-scale market integration. Co-simulation of usage scenarios Key components of the hydrogen value chain will be modeled. A coherent data and model space will also be created for the co-simulation of usage scenarios for a future hydrogen economy. Our services: Comprehensive validation of stack components through whole electrolyzer systems, peripheral infrastructure, and downstream PtX processes Accelerated lifetime tests and investigation of dynamic operating behavior Independent efficiency measurement (significant involvement in standardization activities) Performance evaluation in the context of dynamic operation styles Practical validation of water treatment concepts Modeling of systems, assistance with the design and operational management of electrolyzers in combination with renewable energy sources Integration into the electrical grid and assessment of grid compatibility We are working to expand a reference architecture for digital twins in such a way that it can represent the modularity of renewable energy systems and take registered changes to the system into account. This will create the basis for a comprehensive, generic digital twin of wind and hydrogen energy systems. Modeling and control of hydrogen-based energy systems The Fraunhofer Application Center for Integration of Local Energy Systems ILES at Fraunhofer IWES investigates hydrogen-based multi-energy systems. The focus here is on modeling and control, taking into account the aging of electrolyzers. We use the system class of multilinear models and apply them in model-based supervisory controllers of multi-stack systems, for example, to control the power of the individual stacks. 31

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MULT Ifaceted Overall system measurement and simulations: how Fraunhofer IWES optimizes wind energy systems and makes shipping more sustainable Reliable statements on the efficiency, functionality, and service life of wind turbines are essential for their realization. To this end, Fraunhofer IWES performs measurements on turbines in operation, tests mechanical loads and determines their performance behavior at the Application Center for Wind Energy Field Measurements (AWF). To research the aero-servo-hydro-elastic simulation of wind turbines, Fraunhofer IWES programs the so-called MoWiT overall system simulation model for load calculation and real-time simulation. MoWiT is used to optimize wind energy systems and develop AI models. Fraunhofer IWES is also supporting the development of sustainable shipping. In cooperation with the University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer, the focus is on wind propulsion systems, design concepts, and emission reduction. 32

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MORE INFO Our services: Measurement of wind turbines Accredited mechanical load and power performance measurements (IEC 61400-12 and IEC 61400-13) in acc. with ISO 17025 Customer-specific measurements on individual components of wind turbines Extensive measurement and modeling data help improve system designs. Wind energy field measurements Customer-specific and accredited measurement of wind turbines The dynamically increasing competition in the wind energy sector demands high-quality, efficient processes with which prototypes and old turbines in the field can be measured, analyzed, and optimized. As with banks and insurance companies, developers, manufacturers, operators, and technical service providers require reliable information about the efficiency, functionality, and service life prospects of their turbines. The AWF, a cooperation between Fraunhofer IWES and fk-wind at Bremerhaven University of Applied Sciences, carries out measurements of running systems in the field, in particular as a partner in research and development projects. AWF boasts highly qualified scientific and technical staff and is an accredited testing and calibration laboratory in accordance with ISO 17025 for the measurement of mechanical loads (IEC 61400-13) and the assessment of the power performance characteristics of wind turbines (IEC 61400-12). In addition, it also has the unique testing infrastructure of the entire Fraunhofer IWES at its disposal. The AWF at Fraunhofer IWES plans and conducts measurements of onshore and offshore wind turbines and Flettner rotor vessels. The relevant national and international standards and guidelines are applied in consultation with customers. In addition to standard-specific measurements of the full wind turbine, measurements are also conducted on specific components of the wind turbine (e.g., bearings, rotor blades, etc.) in particular. Measurements of acoustic behavior and aerodynamics are also part of the AWF‘s research spectrum. 33

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Global turbine dynamics Simulative analysis of the system dynamics, loads, and frequencies of wind turbines In the field of global turbine dynamics, Fraunhofer IWES conducts research on the aero-servo-hydro-elastic simulations of wind turbines with a focus on improving simulation and validation methods for onshore, offshore, and floating wind turbines. The MoWiT simulation model (Modelica library for Wind Turbines) for load calculations and real-time simulation was programmed specifically for this purpose. MoWiT forms the basis for the optimization of wind energy systems using a proprietary Python-based optimization and automation framework as well as for the development of AI models. Questions regarding the capacity of floating wind turbines to self-align and the resulting effect on the energy yield are answered utilizing customer-specific simulation studies, and new methods are employed to verify the validity of current simulation models. Simulation of a floating semi-submersible offshore wind turbine in MoWiT Fraunhofer IWES conducts research in the field of floating wind turbines and offers services from the modeling to the validation of numerical simulation models. Our services: Customer-specific simulation studies on onshore and offshore wind turbines Analysis of the coupled system dynamics, loads, and frequencies, including for future turbine sizes Evaluation of the validity of simulation models Creation of real-time capable system models Semi-submersible Spar buoy Tension-leg platform MORE INFO 34

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Given the current climate protection targets, the shipping industry needs to reduce its emissions, too. This can be achieved with hybrid vessels with sail systems and hydrogen-based drives. Sustainable maritime mobility Development, construction, and operation of trendsetting wind propulsion systems for the shipping industry MORE INFO The Fraunhofer Working Group Sustainable Maritime Mobility (SMM) at Fraunhofer IWES is boosting research and development for sustainable shipping. Under the joint leadership the teams from University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer in Leer and from Fraunhofer IWES in Bremerhaven are focusing on wind propulsion systems, design concepts, and scientific studies for emission-free shipping. System-independent research and consulting services for the commercial shipping industry The SMM working group provides system-independent research and consulting services spanning all discussed wind propulsion systems for the commercial shipping industry. The spectrum ranges from Flettner rotors, wing rigs, and DynaRigs to membrane sails and classic cloth sails. The Maritime Experimental Center in Leer is at the core of the experimental field. The unique test infrastructure of the other Fraunhofer IWES sites complement the validation options up to full scale. The many years of experience in the field of offshore wind energy create synergies within the working group. Expertise through crossover and upscaling effects The joint methodological focal points are in the fields of maritime hydro- and aerodynamics, automation and systems technology, and materials technology. Hybrid model concepts result from the intersection of powerful modeling and simulation with measurement technology both in the laboratory and at sea. One special joint area of expertise lies in the utilization of crossover and upscaling effects between wind propulsion technology for vessels and classic wind energy systems. Our services: In-depth modeling expertise (CFD, FEM, FSI, MBS) Availability of large-scale laboratories for all conceivable engineering questions in the field of shipping and maritime technology Hybrid modeling concepts for the performance prediction of sailing systems Ship handling simulation for vessels with wind propulsion systems Technical risk analysis for investors, banks, and insurance companies MEHR INFO 35

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Testing and system validation of large mechanical components: IWES increases the reliability of large wind turbine components Stochastic loads, lubricant properties, varying speeds, interfaces with complex stiffness profiles: the service life of rolling bearings in wind turbines depends on numerous influences. With the Large Bearing Laboratory, Fraunhofer IWES has unique methodological expertise as well as testing and research infrastructure for validating bearings in wind turbines, improving their reliability, and analyzing the root causes of failures. Fraunhofer IWES develops and realizes validation strategies, test concepts, test rigs, measurement methods, test campaigns, CAE models, and much more to ensure the product characteristics of complete mechanical wind turbine drive trains. To ensure the stability of the turbine, the design and manufacturing of the wind turbine support structures – e.g. tower, foundations and necessary attachments – must be optimized in line with the increasing operating loads. Fraunhofer IWES is developing proposals to reduce the economic and technical risks of future support structures. For large-scale wind turbine nacelle testing, Fraunhofer IWES has a test rig, the Dynamic Nacelle Testing Laboratory (DyNaLab), which is functionally unique in the world. It contains, among other things, a powerful load application system (LAS), which is equipped as a hexapod with a large moment bearing, and enables a realistic test environment in the multi-megawatt range for meaningful laboratory tests. Failures of drive train components are one of the main causes of downtimes. Virtualized tests using simulation models and validated measurement data allow critical loads to be identified as early as during the development process. Fraunhofer IWES has exceptional experience in the collection and processing of corresponding measurement data.

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Support structures Testing and validation of support structures and methods Our services: Testing of support structures and components – experimentally and virtually Validation of dimensioning approaches and design methods Support in the development and market launch (incl. certification) of new technologies The support structures of a wind turbine include all components ensuring the statics of the turbine: the tower, foundations, and secondary steel elements. The mechanical dimensions and rated powers of both onshore and offshore turbines continue to increase, and consequently so do the operating loads that have to be absorbed by the support structures. The components making up these structures are now among the largest steel components of all. Manufacturers and designers are confronted with an array of challenges: for example, vibration-resistant welded joints with very high wall thicknesses (> 100 mm) must be reliably produced and the subsoil behavior must be predicted over the service life of a system – at least 25 years. Fraunhofer IWES is developing a wide range of solutions with the potential to reduce the economic and technical risk of the next and future generations of support structures significantly. Manufacturers are required to adapt the design and production of the necessary components to accommodate the increasing operating loads. Fraunhofer IWES is developing a wide range of methodical approaches for this purpose with the potential to reduce the economic and technical risks of future support structures significantly. The focus here is on the production- and application-oriented design of foundations, towers, and transition pieces, as well as the development and validation of material models that can be used to model the ground, e.g., in the North Sea. Another focus is the investigation of installation methods with regard to the load-bearing bavior and service life of foundations, especially the current low-noise methods such as vibration and jetting. The massive dimensions of these components mean that the design and production of a wind turbine support structure is always challenging. We offer customers support in onshore and offshore installations. Structural analysis of components and large-scale models MORE INFO

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Rolling bearings Large rolling bearings: higher reliability thanks to innovative test methods and system understanding Rolling bearings achieve a very high service life in the majority of industrial applications. However, the operating conditions for and the requirements placed on rolling bearings in wind turbines differ significantly from standard applications: high stochastic loads, oscillating movements, constantly varying speeds, and interfaces with complex stiffness profiles complicate the design and can lead to failures well before the end of the calculated service life. Particularly in the field of rotor blade bearings, the Fraunhofer IWES team operates a unique research infrastructure with the Large Bearing Laboratory and has accumulated corresponding methodological expertise. From validated calculation methods, from failure cause analysis up to scaled, real-scale, and always application-oriented tests, the Large Bearing Laboratory offers everything to support the wind energy industry in the design, operation, and validation of the properties of these sophisticated components. Our services: Applied research and development in the field of rolling bearings for wind turbines Individual test campaigns on proven test infrastructure with experience from more than 500 tested bearings from 0.2 m to 6 m in diameter Operational support through failure root cause analysis, operational data analysis, and optimized operation and maintenance strategies Development and validation of calculation methods, models, and condition monitoring Fraunhofer IWES uses the BEAT 6.1 test rig to test rolling bearings with a diameter of 6 m. MORE INFO

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Our services: Planning and performance of test campaigns for directly driven generators, complete drive trains, and nacelles DyNaLab performance data: nominal torque of 8.6 MNm, drive power of 10 MW, load application for emulating parasitic loads, up to 20 MNm bending moments and 2 MN shear force, self-weight emulation, 44 MVA electronic grid simulation More than 600 synchronously recording high-resolution measuring channels Superconducting generator on the test rig Mechanical and electrical nacelle properties Investigation and testing MORE INFO Competitive pressure and increasing professionalization of the sector are increasing the requirements on wind turbine nacelles. Wind turbines with a new design must run reliably right from the start of series production. Investors mostly demand proof of extensive operating experience before financing is approved. For manufacturers, modifications and new developments mean considerable economic risks. Experimental validation of prototypes and zero-series systems on large-scale test rigs reduces these risks, speeds up certification, and ensures better planning. The higher share of renewable sources in the distribution and transmission grid structures is increasing the requirements for the grid integration of wind turbines even further. Standards and guidelines must take this development into consideration. Mandatory system certificates for new and further developments ensure grid-compliant operation and guarantee permanent grid connection and receipt of feed-in tariffs. Fraunhofer IWES provides turbine manufacturers with support in meeting increasing requirements with efficient test methods. The DyNaLab offers realistic testing conditions in the multi-megawatt range, making it possible to validate and optimize existing and future wind turbine concepts. The combination of mechanical tests with a grid emulator for testing wind turbines with a rated output of up to 10 MW is the only one of its kind in the world in this configuration. 40

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Drive train Model development, model validation, and virtual testing of wind turbine drive trains MORE INFO Wind turbine drive trains are subjected to complex dynamic loads when in operation; their failure in this complex subsystem is one of the main causes of downtimes. Modern simulation tools such as multi-body simulations (MBS), finite element method (FEM), and the integration of multi-domain models increase system understanding. This allows design processes to be improved and the reliability of the drive train increased. Virtual tests using simulation allow loads to be identified as early as during the development process. Cost-intensive physical tests can thus be supplemented, extended if necessary and optimization approaches can be checked with the aid of parameter variations. Validation with measurement data is important to ensure the validity of the models used. Fraunhofer IWES can draw on many years of experience in the collection and processing of relevant measurement data. Only validated simulation models allow reliable statements to be made about both existing and new drive train concepts. Due to the constant growth in performance and size of turbines and their drive trains, many of the system test rigs still in use today are no longer sufficient in some of their technical parameters to fully test future turbines in their entire operating range in ever shorter periods of time. To address this challenge, we at Fraunhofer IWES are developing the methodical approach of hybrid testing. It combines physical tests with innovative simulation methods to enable, for example, the complete testing of drive trains even above the maximum load of the test rig. Our services: Development and validation of detailed simulation models of wind turbine drive trains Investigation of drive train dynamics and loading on the basis of virtual tests Virtualization of tests and innovative testing approaches such as hybrid testing Development of new test rigs and measuring methods Planning and implementation of testing campaigns and metrological evaluations CAE model development and validation in parallel to testing Support in component optimization (lightweight construction, etc.) A precise understanding of the dynamic loads and operating conditions is essential for increasing the reliability of drive trains. 41

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The state-of-the-art test rig offers comprehensive testing possibilities for rotor blades with a length of more than 115 meters. 42

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LARGEscale Rotor blades From innovative test methods to an efficient manufacturing process The rotor blades of large offshore wind turbines have now surpassed the 100-meter mark and continue to increase in size. This growth is pushing the structural load-bearing capabilities to their limits. A thorough understanding of the complex mechanical behavior of composite materials under fatigue loading is therefore essential. Advances in production technologies and automation are necessary for the reliable and efficient manufacture of rotor blades of this size. Thanks to its unique research infrastructure, Fraunhofer IWES is in a position to support the wind industry across scales and in all technical domains. The institute offers everything you need for the research and development of wind turbine blades – from full-scale testing of the rotor blades to micro-CT scans of fiber orientation, from inno- vative production technologies to the dismantling and recycling of end-of-lifetime (EoL) blades and much more. High reliability thanks to intensive validation The rotor blades of wind turbines must withstand extreme loads during operation over 20 years and at the same time have a low weight. Therefore, only high-performance light- weight materials that fulfill the most demanding require- ments in terms of both mechanical properties and cost can be considered for the manufacturing of these rotor blades. At Fraunhofer IWES, we work closely with material manufacturers and rotor blade producers to harmoniously combine these different and sometimes conflicting requirements. Thanks to our unique testing and experimental infrastructure, which is specifically tailored to the wind energy industry, we can comprehensively analyze the suitability of materials both structurally and in terms of manufacturing technology. In our Blade Maker demo center, we manufacture rotor blades and rotor blade components on a 1:1 scale in order to test manufacturing processes. We validate the performance of the materials through a variety of structural tests – from coupon level to patented subcomponent tests to sequential and biaxial full-blade tests. Our in-depth understanding of rotor blade structure also allows us to evaluate the effects of material properties on structural design and the remaining service life of existing turbines. Fraunhofer IWES thus acts as a link between various branches of industry and supports the development of innovative materials for rotor blade construction. In this way, we make a valuable contribution to the industry and promote the rapid expansion of wind energy. 43

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Customer-specific solutions Automated production processes are always a case-by-case decision for wind turbine blades. Achieving the optimal balance between investment costs, production rate, flexibility of production, operational costs, and the in-field reliability of the blade is particularly important. Fraunhofer IWES provides support in the search for optimal solutions for manufacturing challenges. To do so, we combine and integrate existing commercial products, taking customized, customer-specific technological development into consideration. The BladeMaker demon- stration center is an ideal development environment for both us and our customers. In addition, Fraunhofer IWES also works independently on process developments such as the variable paste shoe, which has been patented and is available through license agreements with our partners. Scientific root cause analysis Fraunhofer IWES conducts root cause analysis of rotor blade damage from a neutral scientific perspective. This provides an independent, well-founded assessment of the underlying facts, enabling conclusions to be drawn about potential failure risks beyond the individual case. This analysis draws on a comprehensive understanding of the entire system, years of experience in rotor blade validation, and, in particular, a broad understanding of all aspects of development. This includes: materials, manufacturing processes, structure and certification, transport, installation, operation, possible repairs and dismantling. Materials and manufacturing processes Accurate prediction of the fatigue behavior of composite materials requires a deep understanding of the materials and manufacturing processes. While we naturally also offer standard material testing, our particular strength is the development of new test setups for specific requirements. In the Leading Edge Lab, we test systems for their rain erosion and ice performance. Fraunhofer IWES offers the possibility to produce test specimens in the range from coupons to entire rotor blades. This supports the testing of novel materials and ensures a smooth market introduction. In addition, the production of large components enables the validation of manufacturing-centric material models, including advanced models of curing kinetics. 44

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Researching rotor blade recycling When it comes to dismantling and recycling wind turbines, the discussion revolves around one of the component in particular: the rotor blade. The aim of the research at Fraunhofer IWES is to ensure high-quality recycling that preserves many of the fibers’ positive material properties. Therefore, the institute has developed a concept for an economically viable disposal strategy for rotor blades and is examining individual methodical steps. MORE INFO Our services: Unique testing infrastructure worldwide IECRE-accepted laboratory Customized manufacturing tests on a 1:1 scale Special tests for components and materials Independent root cause analysis Research, development, and consulting Rotor blade manufacturing at Fraunhofer IWES 45

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AEROdynamic Wind measurement and wind modeling: assessment of wind turbine sites – from the measurement of wind at specific points up to the modeling of large-scale wind fields Wind turbines are exposed to complex conditions both onshore and offshore. The challenges for the numerical simulation and assessment of potential sites are correspondingly different, making precise modeling of wind fields indispensable. Fraunhofer IWES is active in the optimization of numerical methods and data sets on all relevant scales in order to meet the industry’s requirements. For example, during the construction of offshore wind farms, the wind parameters influence the design and layout of the turbines as well as their components, including the foundations and towers. Fraunhofer IWES conducts offshore lidar surveys in order to customize the numerical models for the sites. To this end, it has developed lidar measuring buoys, which record meteorological and oceanographic measurement data on the high seas. Fraunhofer IWES employs innovative measurement concepts – using a variety of remote sensing technologies – to document the wind conditions.

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The lidar buoy provides quick, reliable, and cost-effective measurement data for offshore wind farm planning.

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Offshore wind measurements Wind measurements at specific points Offshore wind farms require billions in investment, which in turn requires precise measurement of wind potential. However, the various wind parameters are not only necessary for determining wind potential and thus for calculating the economic viability of a wind farm, but also for selecting the type of turbine and the design of the foundations and towers. Accurate measurement data, low measurement uncertainties, and high availability are essential. Fraunhofer IWES develops an optimal measurement concept for each location, taking into account a wide range of different measurement technologies. Lidar buoy Since 2009, Fraunhofer IWES has been developing its own measurement buoy for this purpose, which collects meteorological and oceanographic measurement data relevant to the wind industry on the high seas. At the same time, a correction algorithm was developed to compensate for the influence of the lidar buoy‘s own movement on the measurements. The prototype of the Fraunhofer IWES wind lidar buoy was tested offshore for the first time in 2013. Since 2017, it has also been used for a variety of commercial measurements to determine offshore wind potential. In addition to data analysis, Fraunhofer IWES is also responsible for planning the measurement campaign and installing, operating, and maintaining the lidar buoy. Measurement campaigns with wind lidar buoys for determining wind potential Scanning Lidar For locations near the coast or where offshore structures already exist, Fraunhofer IWES also uses scanning lidars as an alternative to buoys. These measure the wind field over a larger area, which is particularly important in wind conditions with a strong land influence. 48

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The Dual Doppler Wind Radar enables ultra-fast wind field measurements and can be used at various locations. MORE INFO Wind radar Since 2025, Fraunhofer IWES has been operating an innovative wind radar system that enables three-dimensional wind field measurements at previously unattainable distances and resolutions. The so-called dual Doppler wind radar, consisting of two synchronously operating radar units, has the potential to take the understanding of wind currents in and around wind farms to a new level. Research is currently underway to thoroughly validate the measurement method scientifically. The goal is to make this fundamentally new technology available to the wind industry. The system measures wind conditions over an area of several hundred square kilometers up to several kilometers in height, recording several million wind measurements every two minutes. With such data, dual Doppler wind radar technology can reduce investment risks through improved site assessment and contribute to the optimization of wind farms, for example by simultaneously determining the power curves of all wind turbines in a wind farm. In the medium term, Fraunhofer IWES will offer corresponding measurement services for project planners and operators. Our services: Innovative measurement concepts and measurement strategies Performance of complex measurement campaigns Characterization of wind fields Lidar buoy technology 49

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FAR reaching Reliability, monitoring, and yield analysis: how Fraunhofer IWES significantly boosts the efficiency of offshore wind farms In cooperation with other stakeholders, Fraunhofer IWES has supported the installation and operation of numerous wind turbines. In addition to unique experience in this sector, this has also resulted in an unrivaled collection of field data. This collection makes a major contribution to boosting the reliability of wind turbine components significantly, reducing costs and risks effectively as well as performing OPEX modeling and cost-benefit analyses. We develop coupled physical and field data-based models and methods for early failure detection and remaining service life estimation. In addition, Fraunhofer IWES runs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for the protection of flexible rotor blades, which make it possible to identify and reduce the blades’ susceptibility to vibrations – for example when the turbine is at a standstill or in trundle mode. For highly efficient project and risk management, Fraunhofer IWES also offers project plan and weather risk analyses in order to assess potential risks at an early stage. Fraunhofer IWES evaluates the performance and efficiency of existing offshore wind farms by means of post-construction and performance analyses. The portfolio also encompasses optimized maintenance concepts, the assessment of existing concepts, and the optimization of the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) logistics, in order to develop tailored, cost-efficient solutions. The intelligent and optimized condition monitoring leads to higher energy yields in the wind farm.

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Technical reliability Better understanding and improvement of O&M activities MORE INFO Fraunhofer IWES boasts many years of success in publicly funded projects on the topics of the reliability of wind turbines, in particular power converters, root cause analysis, condition monitoring, and the digitalization of O&M data. In addition, Fraunhofer IWES also has considerable experience in O&M modeling, cost-benefit analysis, and the optimization of O&M strategies on the basis of field data. More reliable wind turbine components thanks to unrivaled collection of field data Many years of research have enabled Fraunhofer IWES to build up extensive expertise in the investigation of causes of failure of wind turbine components. This is performed in close cooperation with stakeholders from all areas of the value chain. The aim when doing so is to improve reliability and reduce both costs and the associated risks. Fraunhofer IWES has generated an extensive, continuously growing collection of field data from more than 10,000 wind turbines in projects. Thanks to its size, diversity, and up-to-dateness, this data set is unique and it spans a wide range of turbine age classes, manufacturers, and installation sites. On the basis of this data set, Fraunhofer IWES supplies reliability data for OPEX modeling and cost-benefit analysis. In addition, Fraunhofer IWES also offers solutions for early failure detection and conducts failure cause analyses. The post-construction analysis provides information on yield and performance. The combination of wind farm yield data analyses with numerical methods and models makes it possible to consider the causes for the performance of a wind farm individually. Our services: Constantly growing data pool of currently more than 10,000 wind turbines in order to compare and evaluate experience in the operation of wind farms Investigation of causes of failure of wind turbine components O&M modeling, cost-benefit analysis, and the optimization of O&M strategies on the basis of field data Independent and reliable data analysis and consulting services

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Yield and site assessment Wind field modeling: multiscale simulation of wind and wake effects The expansion of wind energy is taking place under different environmental conditions all around the world. Whereas wind farms are increasingly being planned and constructed in very complex terrain on land (onshore), large “power plants” with hundreds of wind turbines are being installed at sea (offshore), where they interact with the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL). The challenges in the numerical simulation and assessment of the sites are correspondingly different. The modeling of wind fields is primarily required to supple- ment wind measurement and yield data in space and time as well as for the simulation of future planning conditions. Fraunhofer IWES has been active in the further development, improvement, and application of numerical methods and data sets on all relevant scales for more than a decade, employing open source models and methods in particular. The numerical simulation of wind energy sites requires the application of different methods in order to satisfy the industry’s requirements on precision and speed as well as to adapt precisely to the various associated scales. To this end, Fraunhofer IWES has developed a range of different numerical site assessment tools for the calculation of wind fields and wind farm yields in complex terrain geometries and the calculation of wind turbines and wind farm wakes in recent years. Our services: Validated multiscale simulation of wake effects of very large wind farm clusters Automated CFD simulation of wind farm sites in complex terrain Machine learning methods for the determination and reduction of uncertainties in the long term, including the consideration of climate projections Calculation of wind farm-atmosphere interactions and the influences on wind farm yields Hands-on training in the modeling of wind fields and wake effects with the simulation tools used and developed by Fraunhofer IWES MORE INFO Our joint services: Comprehensive analysis of site, yield, logistics, and operating concepts for offshore wind farms Development and application of simulation and optimization models for planning, construction, operation, and decommissioning of offshore wind farms Fraunhofer IWES uses mesoscale simulations to generate precise time series data for researching the influence of meteorological conditions on wind farms. 52

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MORE INFO Our services: Project plan analyses and qualitative assessment of schedules in project logistics Identification, analysis, and evaluation of weather risks Post-construction and performance analyses as well as KPI evaluation of offshore wind farms and their assets Assessment and optimization of the O&M processes of an offshore wind farm Consulting services in the bidder and claim management of offshore projects Offshore logistics Project and risk management for offshore wind farms: minimizing costs and boosting efficiency Efficient project and risk management forms the basis for the successful and cost-efficient planning, installation, and operation of offshore wind farms. In the planning and execution phase, Fraunhofer IWES offers project plan and weather risk analyses for early identification and assessment of potential risks. Its expertise means that Fraunhofer IWES can help to minimize risks and optimize the efficiency of the project logistics. Post-construction and performance analyses allow assess- ment of the performance and efficiency of already installed offshore wind farms. Fraunhofer IWES can then make suggestions for optimization on the basis of the results. With the conceptual design of maintenance concepts for offshore wind farms and the evaluation of existing concepts, Fraunhofer IWES contributes to finding the optimal opera- ting strategy for wind farms and minimizing costs. Assessment of risks, availability, and life cycle costs along the entire value chain Development of strategic decision-making criteria and scenarios for operators, authorities, and service providers In addition, Fraunhofer IWES offers the optimization of the O&M logistics in order to render the operation and maintenance of the offshore wind farms more efficient. Fraunhofer IWES analyzes the logistics processes and develops customized solutions for maximizing the availa- bility of the turbines and optimizing the O&M costs. 53

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» Fraunhofer IWES boasts a unique infrastructure, expertise, and innovative spirit under one roof, making it fit for all the challenges of the wind energy and hydrogen industry!« Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Reuter Director

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Applied research for customers Fraunhofer IWES stands for strong cooperation and collaboration. We always aim to solve the problem and introduce the innovation into operation or the market. Our strength lies in developing suitable solutions for companies facing technological challenges. We are happy to support you in all aspects of planning, implementation and optimization of wind turbines or hydrogen production. Get in touch with us! Find the matching pairs of cards. Cut them out and start playing. At Fraunhofer IWES every match is a hit. KNOWING able high DISCO MEASURE in ful AERO DRIVEN very

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dynamic FORWARD MULTI looking faceted FAR PERFORMANCE scale worth POWER LARGE reaching highly DEPTH

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Publication details Publisher Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy Systems IWES Am Seedeich 45 | 27572 Bremerhaven | Germany info@iwes.fraunhofer.de www.iwes.fraunhofer.de Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy Systems IWES is a constituent entity of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, and as such has no separate legal status. Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e. V. Hansastraße 27 c | 80686 München | Germany www.fraunhofer.de Published: March 2026 Photo credits Pages 1: Paul Langrock Pages 2-5: Fraunhofer IWES Page 6: Timo Lutz Page 7: Jens Meier Pages 8/9: Fraunhofer IWES/gobasil Page 10: Fraunhofer IWES/Gerrit Wolken-Möhlmann Page 11: Frank S. Bauer, Frank S. Bauer Page 12: Fraunhofer IWES Pages 13: Brazhyk - stock.adobe.com Pages 14/15: Paul Langrock Pages 17-19: Frank S. Bauer Pages 20/21: Fraunhofer IWES Page 22: Frank S. Bauer Page 23: Wind turbine - istockphoto instamatics, Page 25: iStock_inkoly small left to right: Jan Meier, Hermann Kolbeck, Marcus Heine, Fraunhofer IWES/Thomas Viergutz, diagram - Pixabay Buffik Responsible editor Inna Eck, Head of Communications Design Fraunhofer IWES Printing UmweltDruckhaus Hannover GmbH 30851 Langenhagen | Germany www.umweltdruckhaus.de Printed in offset printing with organic inks on Circle Offset Premium White 100% recycled paper www.blauer-engel.de/uz195 · ressourcenschonend und umweltfreundlich hergestellt · emissionsarm gedruckt · hauptsächlich aus Altpapier (cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31) HO3 Hydrogen Lab Fraunhofer IWES Page 26: Till Schuster/Linde GmbH - Anlage in Leuna, Page 27: Fraunhofer IWES Page 29: Fraunhofer IWES Page 30: Fraunhofer IWES Page 31: HSEL/Tobias Trapp Pages 32/33: Fraunhofer IWES/Gerrit Wolken-Möhlmann Page 34: Fraunhofer IWES Page 35: Marcus Heine Pages 36/37: Jan Meier Page 38: Fraunhofer IWES Pages 40: PORT OF ESBJERG-CHRISTER HOLTE Page 40/41: Fraunhofer IWES Page 41: Jan Meier Page 43-44: Fraunhofer IWES Page 45: Frank S. Bauer Page 47: Paul Langrock Page 48: Fraunhofer IWES, created with ParaView Page 49: Paul Langrock Pages 51+54: taviphoto/photocase 59

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Certification Our Integrated Management System is certified in accordance with ISO 9001, ISO 45001, ISO 14001 and ISO 50001.* Accreditation Our accredited laboratory field measurements is accredited by Deutsche Akkreditierungs- stelle (German National Accreditation Body – DAkkS) in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025 as a testing laboratory with a flexible scope of accreditation Category A**. We offer tests of the mechanical loads on wind turbines and measurements of the power performance of wind turbines. * Exceptions: The locations sites Hannover (Postkamp 12) and Oldenburg are certified with ISO 9001 and ISO 50001. ** Category A: In this area, the laboratory is permitted, without being required to obtain prior approval from DAkkS, to use the testing methods listed on the certificate with different issue dates of the standards. 60

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The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Fraunhofer IWES is one of 75 institutes and independent research units of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, which is based in Germany and is one of the world’s leading organizations for applied research. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft plays a major role in innovation by prioritizing research on cutting-edge technologies and the transfer of results to industry to strengthen Germany’s industrial base and for the benefit of society as a whole. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft is one of the most popular employers Recent studies by trendence and Universum show that the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft not only stands for cutting-edge research but is also a highly attractive employer in Germany. P R O F E S S I O N A L Most Attractive E M P L O Y E R S G E R M A N Y S T U D E N T Most Attractive E M P L O Y E R S G E R M A N Y 2025 2025 There are plenty of good reasons to work at Fraunhofer IWES! Fraunhofer IWES offers exciting research questions and excellent working conditions for putting your own ideas into practice. The unique test benches, excellent measurement infrastructure, and state-of-the-art technologies create an ideal basis for exceptional experimental trials and tests and the implementation of practical research projects. In the field of wind and hydrogen technologies, Fraunhofer IWES works together with customers and partner institutions to develop solutions for current and future challenges. At Fraunhofer IWES, innovative approaches are put into practice in interdisciplinary and diverse teams – always with the aim of actively shaping technological progress. Fraunhofer IWES was recently named a kununu Top Company in 2025 for its particularly positive employee feedback. Change starts with us. MORE INFO

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Contact Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy Systems IWES Am Seedeich 45 | 27572 Bremerhaven | Germany Phone: +49 471 14290-100 E-Mail: info@iwes.fraunhofer.de www.iwes.fraunhofer.de/en.html